Sunday 17 June 2012

Quality medical care in rural Uganda: Frustrations and access


                The hospital property began approximately 50 meters beyond the paved main road.  It was composed of several single story buildings arranged in an L shape.  A round structure was being constructed in the centre area and several men were working in the sun with hand tools, digging in the red clay soil.  Without any visible signs indicating the appropriate direction for reception I walked through the complex.  First, passed the restaurant, then the gift shop, and eventually on to a section with a sign above the door saying “lab”.  To the right, was a final door with “children” hand written on a block of green painted wood.  Through the open door I could see children in cribs lined up against the distant wall.  I decided I had walked too far, and began to back track past the construction area. 
I came upon a wooden bench poised under an open yet barred window, with two men sitting in the afternoon sun.  One man appeared much older with thin grey hair. 
“How can I speak with a doctor?” I asked of the men.
The younger man pointed to the open door to the left of the bench.  Gathering this was the reception and waiting room, I took a seat, looking up at the small roof extension providing little shade.  I wondered where people wait during the nearly daily torrential downpours of rain. 
                Then it began, again - the children’s curiosity / infatuation with white skinned people.  One observant young child had noticed me, and sent out the call, alerting all children in the nearby area.  “Mzungu! Mzungu!” (translated to white person).  
Suddenly, a group of 8 – 10 children appeared, running at full speed, swarming me and yelling “Mzungu!  Mzungu!”  While typically not bothersome, I was not in the mood to deal with hoards of screaming children who wanted to touch and poke at my white skin, or receive high-5’s.  I had gone to the hospital because I felt ill. 
The Mzungu commotion extended down to the paved road, attracting a young man who wandered over, shooing the children away.  While immediately grateful, I quickly realized the man had ulterior motives. 
“How can I be your friend?  What is your phone number?  I would like to call you.”  He began. 
“Seriously?” I thought, “This man doesn’t even know my name.  People come to hospitals to get better when they feel ill, not pick up their next fling!”.
                At that moment a young woman left the “doctor’s office” and the younger man rose from the bench, helping what I now understood to be his elderly father.  As the old man rose, the bench tipped sideways like a teeter-totter and I barely caught myself from slipping to the ground.  My new “friend” took this as an invitation to join me on the bench.
“Ah!” he exclaimed, then repeated “I cannot be your friend without your phone number.” 
“I’m sorry, I don’t give out my phone number – it is the orders of the organization I am working with.  It is their phone.  Besides I am married” I lied. 
“Ah!” he repeated, “but you wear not ring” he replied flashing a cheeky grin.  Clearly there was no fooling this perceptive young man.  In the moments that followed we made small talk.  He asked where I was from, what tribe I represent, what I was doing in Uganda, where I live in Kasana (nice try)…
                After what felt like forever, the elderly man shuffled out of the doctor’s office with the young man supporting his arm.  In Canada this man would likely be using a wheelchair or a walker at the very least, but with uneven clay mud roads, and boda-bodas (motorcycle taxis) as means of transportation, both options seemed impractical.  I stood up, to walk into the office, saying “bye” to my new friend who assured me he would wait for me.
                The office was small with a blue vinyl examination table sitting under the open uncovered window (separating the examination room and waiting bench) and wooden desk in the centre.  I walked over to the blue plastic chair adjacent to the doctor’s table and took a seat.  Getting right down to business the man asked
“How can I help you?” 
I explained that I had a very sore throat with white patches on my tonsils, and a fever. 
“I will test you for malaria” said the man, making illegible notes on a piece of paper.  “The malaria test may be negative because the parasite stays in your liver first, before replicating enough to be detected in the blood which we test.” 
I nodded in agreement, and tried to re-direct the conversation back to my throat (not a symptom of malaria).
                “Take this to the lab” directed the doctor.  “You will be tested for malaria.” 
                “The lab is that direction?” I clarified, pointing to the direction I had previously passed.
                From outside the door my new friend called out “I know where the lab is, I can show you.”  Clearly I was experiencing public not private health care.
                Walking toward the lab, my friend once again requested my phone number, this time in order to monitor my speedy recovery.  I thanked him for the well wishes, but insisted I would not be disclosing my telephone number.  Now, outside the laboratory door, he wished me well and left. 
                The laboratory was nestled between two sequential buildings, and adjacent to the pharmacy.  The open door revealed a young woman sitting in a chair, supporting her downturned forehead with her right palm while her left arm was inspected by a man I presumed to be the lab technician.  I elected to wait outside, sitting on a bench covered by cool shade cast by the neighbouring examination rooms.
                From around the corner crept two young children, a girl wearing a torn, dirty, pink dress who appeared older, and a shorter boy who presented a more confident demeanor. 
                “Mzungu.” Stated the young boy definitively, touching my arm and confirming that in fact my skin remained white when touched.  I smiled and waved, not wishing to become engaged in a further discussion.  My head felt foggy, and the infection in my throat meant talking and swallowing were incredibly painful.  At that moment, my only wish was to be magically transported back to my bed. 
                Moving on, the children wandered into the laboratory.  Words were exchanged in Lugandan, which I did not understand.  As the young woman stepped out of the laboratory, the woman turned back and muttered something to the children, then disappeared around the corner of the building.
                Walking into the lab, I took a seat, without waiting to be offered.  The lab technician was preoccupied with the children, counting bills and coins from his pocket which he gave to the young boy, followed by clear instructions to “return  a immediately.”  Taking advantage of the distraction the young girl picked up a pair of tweezers from the table, first inspecting them, and then trying to pick up the little blue plastic pieces scattered across the table’s workspace.  I later discovered these pieces protected the needles used to perform malaria tests.
                The room’s temperature was cool.  Along one side were open windows, each covered by decorative security bars but no screens.  A stand up work space under the windows contained a microscope and what appeared to be several slides waiting to be inspected.  An old centrifuge type machine caught the attention of the young boy (who still had not yet left with the lab technician’s money).  He began to spin the moveable parts as if it were a miniature mary-go-round for parasites.
                “Ah!” gestured the lab tech, pointing the children out the door.  Turning his attention to me, he asked for the piece of paper provided by the doctor.  Without saying a word, the man began to open the materials necessary to perform a malaria test, then pausing “Name?” he asked “I must put your name on this test”.
                It was at this moment it donned on me that the doctor I had spoken with did not know anything about me or my medical history, and he still (in my mind) had not addressed the reason for my presence in his office.
                After writing my name on the plastic test piece, he pricked my finger with his un-gloved hands (not washed after handling money and who knows what else) and directed the droplet of blood into the test receptacle.  He added a few drops of liquid, and told me to wait 15 minutes during which time he returned his attention to making microscope slides.  I sat, amazed by the hygiene and protocol for interacting with blood, especially in a country with such a high rate of HIV / AIDS infection.  Legislation in Canada dictates that all food and beverage preparation areas must have a dedicated hand washing sink, and here, I was in a medical laboratory which did not have running water or access to gloves!
                After waiting 15 minutes, the lab tech returned the slip of paper to me, and said I must return to the doctor.  He did not clarify the result of the malaria test, but I assumed it was negative, a result confirmed by the doctor who’s response was “I think you know why the test came back negative.”
                I wanted to say “because I don’t have malaria?” but decided he was instead referring to his earlier explanation of hepatic parasitic replication. 
                Despite the negative malaria test, he decided to write me a prescription for malaria, which made me question why I’d gone to through the motions of having the test done in the first place.  Now concerned about drug interactions, I reached into my backpack and found the only medication I’d been taking while in Uganda
                Presenting the unopened sleeve of pills for the doctor to review, he asked “What is this?”
                I explained that Malarone is an anti-malaria medication like doxycycline (another anti-malaria drug more commonly known here), and provided the man with the thin, folded paper supplied by the drug company to explain the medication.  “I think I will keep this, so I can learn about this drug” he insisted, handing me a prescription, not having even glanced at the Malarone drug details.
                Still convinced I did not have malaria, I mentally decided I would not take his prescription, and therefore did not press for details such as whether it would be advisable to suspend taking Malarone while on his treatment.  I did, however, try again to redirect him back to my throat.  Still uninterested in looking inside my mouth (or inside my ears, or feeling lymph nodes… all doctor-like behaviours I have come to expect in conjunction with complaints of a sore throat), I made him look at a picture of my throat that I’d taken with my iPhone camera.  He told me he would give me something for my throat, and added it to the anti-malaria prescription list, but never did look in my mouth.  He instructed me to fill the prescription next to the laboratory, and to return for a follow-up in 10 days.
                The pharmacy resembled the laboratory.  There was no sink, and pills were counted by hand on a wooden table.  Flies buzzed around, and I tried not to question the hygiene of having a pharmacy with open windows.  During my first week in Uganda, I met a couple who run an NGO that educates families about home hygiene in order to minimize illness and disease.  Part of their mandate involves communicating the importance of covering latrines to prevent flies from transferring pathogens between excrement and food.  Since that time, I haven’t looked at flies the same way, and at the pharmacy I tried to shut out thought questioning where the flies had been given the hospital setting.
                I returned home, wishing I had simply spent the day sleeping in my bed.  I paid 16,000 Ush (less than $8 USD) for four prescriptions, a “consolation” fee, and a lab fee.  While inexpensive by Canadian standards, this service would consume 20 – 25% of a local’s monthly salary, and in the end, I was not convinced I was any better off.  The next day I went into Kampala to a western style medical clinic where I was given a prescription for penicillin to treat strep throat.  The doctor there, (after a thorough examination) assured me that I did not have malaria, and instructed me not to take any of the prescriptions filled the previous day.  The visit and penicillin cost 59,000 Ush (approximately $30 USD), and while still inexpensive by Canadian standards, when combined with the 100,000 Ush ($50 USD) I paid for  return private transport to Kamala, accessing this type of medical service would be out of the question for most Ugandans living in Luwero (this would account for approximately 1.5 month’s salary).
                The consequences of inaccessible, quality, medical care in rural areas are multi-fold.  Mis-diagnosis and over prescription of certain medications leads to ineffective drug treatments and pathogenic mutation.  Lack of proper care, means locals are unable to adequately work and provide for their families to say nothing of their own personal discomfort.  Poor hygiene and lack of access to utilities such as water and electricity exacerbate illnesses and augment the transmission of disease (to say nothing of the health risks associated with a medical facility that does not have access to running water, or means of physical protection – ie. gloves, for staff members).  There are also significant health risks associated with misdiagnosis, and untreated conditions… I could go on.  Though grateful to have had access to the clinic in Kampala, I wish those I work with in Luwero could have the same opportunities.  After all, access to medical care is a human right.

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